Our Day Out, Willy Russell Essays

Our Day Out, Willy Russell Essays Our Day Out, Willy Russell Paper Our Day Out, Willy Russell Paper Essay Topic: Literature Willy Russell wrote our Day out in 1977. The story is set in a working class area in Liverpool. The theme of this story is about a group of academically challenged children who go on a trip. The school is an inner city comprehensive school and many of the children come from poor or single parent families. The story tells us the troubles that the children and teachers come across. We also see changes in peoples characters, we see how the trip has helped them to change. The aim of the trip is for the to have fun as the children are academically challenged with little chance of passing exams or getting a good job. There are two main teachers in the play; Mrs Kay and Mr Briggs. Both of them have different teaching methods and both of them work in their own way. Mrs Kay has a more sympathetic, caring and lenient attitude to the children, which would explain why the children like her so much. Mr Briggs has a harsh, stern and disciplined attitude to the children again which would explain why the children hate him so much yet fear him also. It is very clear from the beginning that Mrs Kay supports the children. She supports them in the way that she does because she knows that these children have no real chance in life and therefore feels sorry for them so she tries to support them as much as she can. These children will probably end up on the dole or stuck in a dead end job so Mrs Kay tries to make sure that there is at least one happy time in their lives (the trip), as their lives will probably be filled with misery. The driver Ronny Sutcliffe first shouts at the children for getting onto the bus without his permission and then about the possibility of them having lemonade and chocolate on them. Ronny refuses to let the children onto the bus until Mrs Kay searches the children for the forbidden items (chocolate and lemonade). When Mrs Kay takes Ronny away to have a private word with him she signals the children to get onto the bus without him knowing. When Mrs Kay talks to Ronny she greatly exaggerates the truth so that Ronny will go easy on the kids. Mrs Kay says The kids do not know what it is to look at a chocolate bar. Lemonade never touches their lips This is greatly exaggerating the truth as when Mrs Kay enters the coach the kids are stuffing themselves with chocolate and lemonade. Mrs Kay also says At Christmas time when the kids from your better schools are opening presents and singing carols, these kids are left to wander the cold cruel streets This is also probably an exaggeration (a hyperbole). Mrs Kay says these heart-warming things so that Ronny does not ruin the purpose of the trip, which is to have fun. The effect of Mrs Kays speech is that Ronny ends up feeling sorry for the kids and then ends up giving money to a boy so that he can go and buy sweets with that money. This makes the audience feel that Mrs Kay truly does care and love these children to the extent that she lies for them. At the beginning of Scene Five when Susan (a young teacher) asks Mrs Kay what she did, Mrs Kay replies with Lied like hell of course this shows that Mrs Kay acknowledges the fact that she lied for the children. Again we learn that Mrs Kays character would lie on the childrens behalf. This is not how most teachers respond but Mrs Kay is the exception. When Mrs Kay speaks on the coach we learn that besides having fun Mrs Kay is also concerned that the children should keep safe and not harm themselves or others. So Mrs Kay worries about their safety also we can see this from the following quote No silly squabbling or doing anything dangerous to yourselves or to others. Thats the only rule for today When Mr Briggs gets onto the coach everyone falls silent. Before Mr Briggs came on board the kids were shouting and mucking about but as soon as Mr Briggs came aboard everyone fell silent and their eyes looked towards Briggs. He is a cloud on the blue horizon This means that the sky is perfect apart from the big cloud that is obscuring the perfect sky. In other words the trip is going to be perfect apart from the big cloud (Mr Briggs) who is ruining the trip. Willy Russell is using a metaphor as he is comparing Mr Briggs to a big cloud in the sky. Mr Briggs starts shouting at the children the moment he arrives on the coach, he does not even given the children a chance to show him that they can behave. The moment Mr Briggs starts shouting at the children we can see how he really feels about the children. It is as if he is talking at the children not to them. We can also see that Mr Briggs has a bad attitude. He is arrogant, impatient and does not understand the childrens situations. He also does not understand why the children behave like they do. The language that is used in the play is a common Liverpool dialect. The children do not speak properly. They speak very common and do not use proper speech. I think the writer has included a Liverpool accent because in the 1970s Liverpool was a poor industrial area. As the story is about poor school children a perfect setting would have been Liverpool. Also they have a Liverpool accent to show that they are not properly educated which ties in with the character of Mrs Kay. As Mrs Kay and Mr Briggss professional relationship is sour they do not agree with each other on how these kids should be taught. When Mr Briggs is sitting with a student (Reilly), Mr Briggs points out of the window to the South Docks. Mr Briggs talks about the architecture and the beauty of the buildings. You can tell that Mr Briggs has had a good education. When Mr Briggs looks at buildings he sees the architecture and history of the buildings. When the children look at buildings all they see is a building built from bricks and cement they do not see the architecture and history like Mr Briggs does. Mr Briggs sees the buildings for what they really are, from this alone you can see that he has had a good education. When Reilly sees the Docks all he can see is the workplace of his father. When questioned about what his father thinks about the Docks Reilly replies with He hates it you can tell that Mr Briggs is disappointed with this answer as he thinks a lot of the Docks. In reply to Reillys answer Mr Briggs tells Reilly to tell his father Tell him to stop and have a look at whats around him. Yes, he might see things a bit differently then So when Mr Briggs talks to the children he has intellectual things to say while Mrs Kay mostly talks to the children to explain things such as the location in which they live in. Some of these conversations provide comedy. Others help us to see how deprived the children are. One conversation that Mrs Kay has with Carol shows us how deprived some of the pupils really are When Ive started to work hard now an learned how to read, d y think Id be able t live in one of them nice places (places with gardens and trees outside) Mrs Kays response to this is Well you could try, couldnt you love, eh? which shows that Mrs Kay doesnt think that Carol could achieve this dream yet she doesnt tell Carol her true thoughts. Instead she gives Carol hope that this dream could be achieved one day. This is the exact opposite of what Mr Briggs would do, Mr Briggs would tell Carol that she would never be able to achieve this dream. When Mr Briggs talks to Andrews about his smoking we can see the type of background that Andrews has come from. When asked about what his parents think about his smoking Andrews replies with Me mum says nottn about it but when me dad comes home sir, he belts me Mr Briggs replies with Because you smoke? The Andrews says Sir no, its because I dont give him one Mr Briggs is taken aback with Andrews reply. Mr Briggs assumed that his father belts him because he smokes not because he wont give him a cigarette. From this we can see that Andrews comes from a home where his parents dont care about what he gets up to. They obviously do not care about Andrewss health, as they do not say anything to him about his smoking. His father encourages the smoking by asking Andrews for cigarettes himself. Mr Briggs asks Andrews whether his father goes out to sea Andrews replies with a no and says He just comes round every now an then an has a barney with me mam. Then he goes off again. She hates him. We all do Again we learn that Andrewss parents obviously do not care about him or his health. It also seems that he has grown up in a house where his parents constantly argue which cannot be good for him. He says that his mam hates his Dad which is also not a good thing as hell never learn how to love someone, if his parents do not love each other then he will not be able to either. His parents are supposed to be his role models. So by arguing they have already set him up for a life of failed relationships, as he will probably treat his girlfriends/wives just like his Dad treats his Mum. His parents have harmed Andrews psychologically. Earlier on in Scene six during a conversation between Digga, Andrews and Reilly, Digga and Reilly say that Andrews Mum picks up black men on Parly. They also say that his Mum must be loaded as blacks pay a lot of money for a bit of white. In other ways they are saying that his Mum is a prostitute. Scene six is very long compared to the other in the play. I think that this scene is longer than the others are because Willy Russell wants to show us some of the characters backgrounds. He wanted us to familiarise ourselves with the characters like we have known them for a long time. At the beginning of the play we never got to find out what makes the characters tick what their lives are like, why they behave like they do. In this scene we find out a little about Mr Briggss background and why he cannot understand and sympathise with the children. In Scene twenty-one there is a conversation between Mr Briggs and Colin (a young teacher). In the conversation Mr Briggs talks about Mrs Kays teaching style. In fact he actually criticises her teaching style. The conversation actually causes friction and tension between Mr Briggs and Colin. Mr Briggs thinks that Mrs Kay is being nice and soft to the children just so everyone likes her. Once the audience has heard the conversation they just feel more hatred towards Mr Briggs. This is because Mrs Kay is on the childrens side and wants to help them as much as she can unlike Mr Briggs who just wants to shout at them and discipline them. The audience has sympathy with Mrs Kay as she does actually want to help them but they also have a little bit of sympathy for Mr Briggs as he cannot see why Mrs Kay talks to the children like she does. They also have sympathy for him, as he cannot see why the children behave like they do. The characters and language used does contribute to the play, as it is the characters that make the play. The play is about the troubles that the children face while going on the trip. Most of these troubles are caused due to their bad behaviour and their bad behaviour is due to the fact that they are not disciplined or educated enough to realise that one day they could get into serious trouble if they keep on behaving like they do. This story portrays the actual life that many young poor children in Liverpool faced.

How To Come Up With A Brand Name

How To Come Up With A Brand Name How To Come Up With A Brand Name How To Come Up With A Brand Name By Mark Nichol The art of creating names of companies, services, and products is also an industry and a lucrative one. Brand agencies charge dearly for a list of suggestions for brand identities, but it’s simple to do it yourself. Note that I didn’t use the word easy; the process is fairly straightforward, but it takes a lot of time and effort. But perhaps you’d like to try it on your own. Here are a couple of issues to consider: Evocation Is the word distinctive? Does it encapsulate the essence of the company, service, or product? Does it evoke a positive response? What is the pertinent business or industry? What is the brand’s identity or personality? What is its demographic market? What sets this brand apart from competitors’ brands? Is the brand name already in use in the pertinent business or industry, or in another area? Is it an existing word, or is it similar to an existing word, already in generic usage, and if so, what are the associations with the word? Does it consist of or resemble a foreign term, and if so, what are that term’s associations? What impact will such associations have on use of the brand name? Can it be trademarked, and is it available as a domain name (www.widgets.com) or as the equivalent of a telephone number (1-800-WIDGETS)? Word Formation Various treatments of words are available for producing brand names: A brand may consist of an acronym, a new word or the mimicking of an existing one formed by using the first letter of each word in a phrase (though the first two letters from one or more words may be employed, or a minor word may be passed over, to improve the word’s appearance of make it match an existing word). One example is Saab, from the initials for the Swedish company name Svenska Aeroplan AktieBolage). The brand name might be a compound, a phrase formed from two existing words, as in the case of Band-Aid, or it might be devised (or revised) by clipping, or truncating one or more words, as with FedEx. It could also be a neologism, such as Kodak. A brand name might be a play on words, like a Mexican restaurant called Sir Vesa’s (a homophone of cerveza, the Mexican word for â€Å"beer†). It could be a deliberate misspelling of a known word, such as Tru. Various forms of wordplay are used to coin new words, including alliteration (Burt’s Bees), rhyme (Slim Jims), and reduplication (Ding Dongs). A company may choose a character, like Aunt Jemima or Mr. Clean, to evoke a certain image, or may employ foreign or classical words or syllables that represent a product’s value proposition: Lux, for example, the Latin word for â€Å"light† but also a part of luxury, suggests both illumination and refinement. The Decision If you’re going to create a brand name yourself, refrain from getting carried away by all these possibilities right away. Focus first on the qualities your brand name should convey: Sober, or sassy? Literal, or lyrical? Practical, or personified? Then brainstorm, whittle the list down to a handful of finalists, and test on colleagues, friends, and family and in a focus group. When you make a final decision, let it sit for a while, and then decide whether it will have lasting appeal for you, your business associates, and your clients or customers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire26 Feel-Good Words"To Tide You Over"

Describe the evidence for environmental changes since the Last Coursework

Describe the evidence for environmental changes since the Last Interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e, approximately 130,000 year - Coursework Example With such information in mind, it is then relevant to discuss such issues in this paper. This being the key points of this paper, the research question is: what is the evidence for environmental change in the tropical since the last interglacial? The tropical region history The tropic is a region on the earth surrounding the equator. The region is commonly found at the northern hemisphere at latitude 23.4378? N on the tropic of cancer and it is also found at the southern hemisphere at latitude 23.4378? S on the tropic of Capricorn. The tropical region is a place where the sub solar point is reached by the sun. A sub solar point is a region where the sun is directly overhead the equator which happens once in a year. There is a direct distinction between the tropics and other climatic and biomatic regions of the earth, with the latitudes that appear in the middle and the Polar Regions on a different side of the equatorial zone Climate distribution of the tropical The tropic has its own climate distribution that may be different to other geographical areas. The tropics sometimes can be used generally to refer to a tropical climate which means that the area has warm to hot and moist all year round, additionally there is the sense of lush vegetation. Most of the tropical regions experience dry and wet seasons where the wet season or rainy season or the green season has an occurrence in that it covers only one to several months that is if the average annual rainfall drops in the region. It is believed that the areas having wet seasons are exposed to dissemination across the tropics and the subtropics. A wet season month is one month that that experiences an average precipitation of about 60 millimetres as per the classification of Koppen in the tropical regions. However the tropical rainforests on a technical bench do not experience wet or dry seasons on grounds that their rainfall is distributed equally throughout the year. It is noted that some areas which experien ce prolonged rainfall are subjected to breaks in rainfall during mid-season that is if the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough gain a movement towards the pole ward of their original location during the middle of the warm season. Facts depict that if the warm season or the summer season experience wet season then precipitation will occur mainly in the late afternoons or in the early evening hours. The wet season is a season where there is an improvement in the quality of air; also there is an improvement in water quality while the vegetation grows significantly thus causing late yield of crop in the season. Floods cause a huge effect both on the environment and the habitants of the area. It is depicted that there are overflows in the river banks and the animals move to a higher ground while there is loss of soil nutrients and increase in soil erosion. During these harsh conditions, the animals design a survival strategy for them to survive along the harsh conditions of wet seasons. It is unfortunate that there are identified food shortages in to the wet season that is brought by the previous dry seasons since the crops are yet to mature. It is not obvious that regions found in the tropics have a tropical climate. Such regions include the snow-capped peaks which include the Mauna Kea not forgetting the Mount Kilimanjaro and additionally the Andes. Other regions also include the northern parts of Chile and Argentina. Tropical ecosystem Apart from the tropical climate, the tropical

Economics in an International Context Assignment

Economics in an International Context - Assignment Example According to Paul (2012), communism refers to the political and economical development model which was proposed by Karl Marx and later on supported by Lenin. The concept of the communism refers to the final part of the human historical development, where people are in charge of both the political as well as the economical system. In his book he also mentioned that according to Marxist theory, government can be defined as an instrument of class operation. Communism promises to provide each individual their needs despite of whatever class they belong to. According to Paul, command economy can also be referred as a planned economy. It can be defined as a specific economic system where the government has the power to control most or all the associated factors related to production. It generally exists when government decides to use the central planning system to allocate resources and funds as well as determine the volume of output across the segments. (Paul, 2012, p. 15). 2. Advantage o f Planned/ Command Economy: There are various advantages associated with command economy. In command economies, the central government control what and how much of most products will be produced. By controlling as well as deciding the prices and wages the central government also able to control and monitor how much of the production is allotted to each household. According to Katkoff (1961) The central government controls production and income in command economies. Due to this feature of command economies, the price could not be resolved based on how much would be the production and how much people’s demand is, In command economies, the price of the product is to always remain stable. In most planned economies, prices are determined by the policy makers. Hence, one major advantage of implementing the planned economy is that it is helpful to eliminate the chances of inflation and price fluctuations which are the two main challenges to the capitalist free market economies. Anot her important advantage associated with planned economy is the planned use of manpower, as well as the highest rate of social development (katkoff, 1961, pp.371-372). 3. Disadvantages of Planned/ Command Economy: According to Glisenberg (2001), a planned economy is with the character of satisfaction must. But, along with this advantage it also weakens the incentive as well as inspiration for the labor Because there is a rational system of condition for wants. Asa result it is almost impossible to allow a worker’s dependents to experience the full consequences of his or her lack of efficiency in production systems. The most recent example of this lack of employee motivation and responsibility situation was observed in China but later on in 1980 the great economic reform in the country helped them to overcome the situation. During the command economy phase , allocation of goods was depending on the labor hours and individuals were not responsible for the penalty of their works. As a result , the labor efficiency was much lower in China. According to his review, another key disadvantage associated with this type of economies was there were very less chances of technological innovations because they were not motivated to do so as there would be no obvious rewards for such good performance. The lack of competition also means that there are less efficient and innovative. As the main intention is non-profit so the mindset of improving as an aim as well as an employee also reduced drastically. Sometimes there are

A New Ending to the Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

A New Ending to the Lord of the Flies Essay Instead of coming at me, like I thought he would he ran the opposite direction and started screaming at the top of his lungs. By now the fire was out of control; it was racing down the mountain side, faster than fast. I started to run again, this time I was running toward the beach. â€Å"I need to get the littluns to safety† I said to myself. I ran and ran to the beach and went to grab the conch were it should have been; but I stopped myself. The conch is gone just like Piggy. Shattered, into a million pieces. I fell to the ground with exhaustion and grief. I could feel the heat of the fire coming nearer and nearer. As Jacks hunters came closer to me I heard them chanting a different chant. I could have sworn that I hear Jack screaming in pain. Someone burst out of the trees, screaming in pain. â€Å"Jack,† I said to myself as I looked to see if I was right. Sure enough I was right, but this was worse than I imagined, he was on fire! Half of his body was burnt. He looked at me with a sad, hurt look. He ran past me and jumped into the ocean. Jack never resurfaced, and I wasn’t about to go and get him. I heard more screaming behind me. I knew they were coming after me so I ducked down and tried to not move. Maybe they won’t notice me. It must have been ten minutes before I heard any noise coming out of the forest. But as everyone gathered around me it became silent. â€Å"Is everything all right? † I heard a somewhat familiar voice say. I looked up to see who was talking. I started to talk, but as I saw who it was my mouth just stayed open. â€Å"Dad? † I said in unbelief. â€Å"I knew it. † I yelled as I got up and ran to him. He stared as if I was dead. Maybe I am dead and this is all a dream. As I jumped in to his arms I was assured that I was alive when he caught me. He whispered in my ear. â€Å"Ralph? Is that you? † â€Å"YES! † I yelled â€Å"it is me! † I said more quietly. I started to cry out of relief. Dad started to cry too. â€Å"I thought you were dead! † he said barely above a whisper. â€Å"Well, how many of you are there? † he asked getting up and putting me down. â€Å"Um, I really don’t know. There are a few kids dead. † I said the last part a little quieter. â€Å"Well than, who is the leader. Roger was standing next to me. When dad said this, I half expected him to claim the glory, and I was going to let him. Instead he backed up, as did all the other kids. Roger spoke up, â€Å"Ralph is the leader. † He said this with a sound of remorse. â€Å"Ralph? How could you let this happen? † dad sounded surprised that I could let everything get so out of hand . â€Å"I tried to keep everything under control, but when jack got mad and left, everything went out of hand. You can’t honestly think that I could keep control over twenty some boys. I said this and started to cry. â€Å"Well then I guess we should get you boy’s home. † My dad said with a look of guilt on his face. I don’t blame him, though. On the ride home I couldn’t help but ask how mom is. She is fine apparently. I can’t wait to see her. Dad said she couldn’t get over the fact that I was gone. When we made sure that every one was home and good, we made our way home. As we arrived to the house I was reminded of the day I left here some time ago. As I burst through the door to start my life over.

Linear Feedback Shift Registers Essay -- Computers, Cryptography

Abstract: Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) are considered powerful methods for generating pseudo-random bits in cryptography algorithm applications. In this paper it is shown that the linear dependencies in the generated random bit sequences can be controlled by adding a chaotic logistic map to the LFSR’s systems. The structure of the LFSR’s output sequence in combination with a chaotic map is analyzed and proved to have at least as much uniformity than the corresponding set for the linear components individually. In order to understand that using the proposed PRBG is reliable in secure algorithms, the NIST suite test have been taken on the proposed method, finally to compare the proposed PRNG output sequence features with the two types of LFSRs (Fibonacci and Galois). Keywords: Linear Feedback Shift Register, Random Number, Chaotic Map, NIST. 1. Introduction In the modern world of computers, network security is the main concern which relies on the use of cryptography algorithms. high quality random number generation is a basic subject of cryptography algorithms and the importance of a secure random number generator design cannot be underestimated. Most common generation techniques about RNGs involve truly random and pseudorandom number generators. For a brief introduction in various types of RNGs: Truly Random Number Generators (RNGs) is a computer algorithm, which generates a sequence of statistically independent random numbers. Actually these generators require a naturally occurring source of randomness phenomena (i.e. as a non-deterministic system). Most practical implementations design a hardware device or a software program based on RNGs to produce a bit sequence which is statistically independent. Pseud... ...3245, 0.9966745]; so the p-values of our purposed method is in this interval and then the 15 tests of the NIST suite have been passed as shown In Fig. 6. Fig. 6. NIST test result (Red is the Proposed PRNG, Blue represents Galois and Green is Fibonacci) 6. Conclusion In this paper we presented a novel method to generate random bit sequence by combination of LFSR’s system and chaotic logistic map and it has been proved in a reliable theorem. At the end, we compared it with the same other methods such as Fibonacci LFSR and Galois LFSR, and the result was shown in table 1. Acknowledgments The author wish to thank the editor Professor G.Najafpour, Dr. H.Hassanpour and my teacher Mr. H.Rahimov for their valuable comments. In the end should be appreciated the efforts of Shahrood University of Technology’s ITC research center.

The Rearmament of Germany in the 1920s and 30s

Looking back on the history, people begin to ask questions about why things happened the way that they did. Looking specifically in the field of World War 2, a popular question is â€Å"how was Germany such a successful force on the battlefield? † There are many explanations as to why Germany was so successful in all of its earlier military campaigns, but the largest reason is because of the secret rearmament that took place within Germany, years before the war. Several years before Hitler and The Second War, World War 1 ended in the humiliating defeat of Germany as a country.The conditions of Germany’s surrender were even more humiliating than the losses on the battlefield. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which Germany was forced to sign, the entire cause of the war was placed on Germany. Therefore Germany was forced to pay large sums of reparations and suffered several consequences militarily and economically. Those consequences were set up mainly by the Brit ish and French as a way to ensure that another war of aggression by Germany will not be able to happen again. First off, Germany’s military was disarmed and downsized.The number of troops allowed in the German army was never to exceed 100,000 men. Germany’s army was further disarmed when the victories allies forbade the use of tanks, poison gas, and large artillery pieces. 1 The German navy was forced to hand over all its battleships, heavy cruisers, and U-boats, effectively making the navy useless against any power in a possible naval confrontation. 2 The number of sailors allowed in the navy was also limited to 15,000 men as the maximum at any time. 3 Lastly, the German air force was disbanded all together, as Germany was not allowed to possess any warplanes.Also to add to the limitations of the German military, the German economy was also limited as another way to prevent a German rearmament. The factories in the Ruhr area, where much of Germanys manufacturing took place, were taken over by the French. 4 With no materials and no factories, the allies believed there was no way Germany could ever rearm themselves for war. However after a period of time, the allies began to forget about Germany and the previous war. The allies lost interest in German affairs, as they faced their own economic problems at home.Britain and France both had to now focus on the economic depression of their own countries, and had little time to worry about the affairs in Germany. However in Germany, through a string of political moves, Adolf Hitler becomes named chancellor of Germany. Whenever the president Paul Von Hindenburg dies in 1933, Hitler proclaims himself the dictator, which officially puts an end to the Weimar government. 5 One of Hitler’s very first objectives as new leader of Germany was to personally oversee the rearmament process of Germany. Germany immediately began secretly rearming itself for war.However in France, Britain, and even America, the y were still suffering from the effects of the depression. No democratic nation had the resources or money to be building weapons of war. As a matter of fact, the democratic powers were actually downsizing their military spending while Germany was quickly rearming. This rearmament period in Germany is probably the biggest reason for all of Germany’s success on the battlefield during the early stages of the war. While the world is building projects of peace, Germany is building up weapons of war.It only makes sense that Germany was able to conquer most of continental Europe after they have been rearming and preparing for years, while the democratic powers had been disarming their own militaries. It can be quite obvious that due to Germanys prolonged period of secret rearmament, they had become so successful over the other world powers once fighting broke out again. Contrary to popular belief, German rearmament of Germany did not begin under Hitler and the Nazis; Hitler was jus t the one that massively expanded rearmament. Secret policies for German rearmament were created almost immediately after the defeat of Germany in World War 1.However due to the strict sanctions of the Versailles Treaty, very few of these rearmament policies were possible. Following the disarmament of Germany after World War 1, the official army, or the Reichswehr consisted of 4,000 officers, 20,000 noncommissioned officers, 38,000 Gefreite, and 38,000 soldiers, for the maximum number of 100,000. 6 However, there were still militaristic units in Germany not counted towards the 100,000 total. At the beginning of the Weimar Republic, during the demobilization and the formation of the new troops, there was no clear distinction between legal and illegal parts of the army.Returning soldiers from World War 1, when removed from the army would join organizations which acted like an army, such as the Freikorps, border patrols, and home guards. 7 It is in these unofficial military units, that Germany is able to fight off the Communist revolution within its borders, and keep a large portion of its military intact. While the military factories in Germany had mostly been shut down or taken over by the British and French soldiers, Germany was still able to produce an abundance of new weapons, despite several bans on them.Many of the major German arms manufacturers had subsidiaries in other countries, particularly the countries neutral in the First World War, such as Sweden, Holland, Switzerland, and Spain. 8 These served as branches of the German companies engaged in armament production, research, and development. The use of neutral countries to produce weapons was a great way for German companies to continue making weapons that would have been outlawed in Germany. However since the weapons themselves were not allowed in Germany, the factories had to then ship them elsewhere for sale.German export trade flourished with arms trading to China, the Baltic States, and Czechoslo vakia. 9 This greatly helped the German economy which would have been doomed to fail had it not been for this illegal selling of German arms. Ironically the greatest country responsible for the pre-Hitler German rearmament, is the country that suffered the most from it, Russia. Russia not only allowed the production of arms in its borders, it allowed the secret training of members of the German army.This began in 1921 with the Rapallo Treaty signed between the two countries which had both been severely weakened by the First World War. 10 This connection between the two countries led to the construction of the early German air force, or the Luftwaffe. The Junkers airplane factory located in Dessau, built airplane factories in Russia. Airplane factories were built near Moscow, and in Samara and Saratow, all deep within Soviet territory to hide the information from the rest of the world. 11 Military air personnel got their instruction in Russia.German officers dismissed from the army w ent to Russia as civilians and, after a period of training there, returned to the army with a higher rank. 12 The German Army used this to effectively train men for the future air force. In addition to airplanes, the army also built a poison gas factory in Samara Oblast, a tank school at Kazan, and a naval base to hide and train Germanys navy. 13 The German company Krupp, was one of the larger factories that had a firm in Russia which produced heavy artillery, especially howitzers, that would eventually be used in war. 14All of the rearmament up to this point was almost strictly confined and controlled by the leaders in the German army. The first known German politician in the Weimar government that becomes aware of this rearmament is the chancellor in the 1920’s, Heinrich Muller. 15 Muller did nothing to stop the re-arming, and actually passed cabinet orders to encourage secret German rearmament. However Muller did place a ban on the paramilitary units in the Freikorps. Howe ver that only led to one of the Freikorps refusing to disband and marching on Berlin in the Kapp Putsch. 6 This began to show the true weakness of the Weimar government. The Weimar government will continue to fail at its policies which will lead to the eventual ascent to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. After the Nazi takeover of power, the re-armament became the topmost priority of the German government. Hitler would then spearhead one of the greatest expansions of industrial production and military buildup the world has ever seen. Once Hitler had gained power in 1933, he immediately continued the secret rearming of Germany.Hitler had made it plain what the basis of his foreign policy would be. He had clearly stated that he would undo what had been imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles and re-unite all Germans into one nation. Hitler however before rearming the German military, first had to rearm the German economy and industry before expanding the army for war. B efore Hitler could rearm Germany any further, he had to first make Germany a self-sustaining country that is able to maintain a continued war without suffering severe supply problems, such as the ones that were common in the First World War.Hitler and his economic ministers devised a ‘Four Year Plan’ that would in theory establish an economically independent Germany. The Four Year Plan sought to reduce unemployment, increase synthetic fibre production, undertake public works projects, increase automobile production, initiate numerous building and architectural projects, and further develop the Autobahn system. 17 The plan also emphasized building up the nation's military defenses, in direct violation of the terms set by the Allies of World War I at the Treaty of Versailles. One large project of this plan was the creation of the autobahn highway system.The autobahn was a highway system that was devised as a massive public works project by Hitler, but in reality it was a system of transportation devised for fast transportation of tanks and troops of the German army once war broke out. Hitler's autobahn construction began in September 1933 under the direction of chief engineer Fritz Todt. 18 The 14-mile expressway between Frankfurt and Darmstadt, opened on May 19, 1935, was the first section completed under Hitler. By December 1941, once America had entered the war, Germany had completed 2,400 miles (3,860 km), with another 1,550 miles (2,500 km) under construction. 9 This highway system was one of Hitler’s first devious plots to construct a way to wage war on a massive scale. Rearmament in Germany during the 1930’s also sought to improve the German industrial buildup. Archival research shows that German published industry statistics attempted to hide sensitive armament industries during this buildup. The industry census of 1936 lists 1. 22 million employed in â€Å"construction and other branches of industry†. 20 Unpublished arc hival documents from the Statistical Office reveal that this total includes about 167,000 employed in aircraft and firearms industry. 1 This is a third larger than Germany’s motor industry at the same time. This is during the same time that Hitler is claiming to be industrializing Germany’s economy to create jobs and to produce cars and roads for the German citizen. The table found below can provide details on Hitler’s policy of rearming Germany’s factories. Table Depicting 1936 Census Results of German Industry in War making facilities Once Germany’s economic situation had been settled, Hitler was satisfied enough to begin his next phase of the rearmament of Germany.Hitler saw Nazi Germany as being at the center of Europe and as the great power of Europe, so the nation needed a strong military. Up to this point, Germany had been technically keeping to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles but in reality she had been bending the rules regarding tra ining. The Treaty of Versailles had not stated that Germany could not train submarine crews abroad or that pilots for the banned German Air Force could train on civilian planes. Therefore, on paper Hitler inherited a weak military but this was not in reality the case. However, Hitler knew that publicly NaziGermany was still seen within Europe as being held to the terms of Versailles and he was determined to openly break these terms and re-assert Germany’s right to control its own military. In 1933, Hitler ordered his army generals to prepare to triple the size of the army to 300,000 men, and ordered the Air Ministry to plan to build 1,000 war planes. 22 Military buildings such as barracks were built. Hitler withdrew Germany from the Geneva Disarmament Conference when the French refused to accept his plan that the French should disarm to the level of the Germans or that the Germans should re-arm to the level of the French.Hitler is quoted as saying â€Å"Either way, the two m ain powers of Europe will be balanced. †23 Hitler knew that the French would not accept his plan and therefore when he withdrew from the conference, he was seen by some as the politician who had a more realistic approach to foreign policy and the French were seen as the nation that had caused Nazi Germany to withdraw. For two years, the German military expanded in secret. By March 1935, Hitler felt confident enough to go public on Nazi Germany's military expansion, which broke the terms of the Versailles Treaty.Europe learned that the Nazis had 2,500 war planes in its Luftwaffe and an army of 300,000 men in its Wehrmacht. 24 Hitler felt confident enough to also publicly announce that there would be compulsory military conscription in Nazi Germany and that the army would be increased to 550,000 men. 25 Now Hitler had to wait and see how France and Britain would respond to his massive rearming policies. The French and British however did nothing. Britain was still recovering fro m the Depression which had devastated the British economy.She could not afford a conflict. The French preferred a defensive policy against a potential German threat and she spent time and money building the vast Maginot Line, which was a series of vast forts on the French and German border. To Hitler, it even seemed that Britain was supporting Germany’s breaking of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain knew that Germany was rebuilding its navy and could do little to stop it other than going to war, which she was not prepared to do. As a result, Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement with Britain. 6 This treaty had clearly gone against what was stated in the Versailles Treaty on what Germany’s navy should be; â€Å"no submarines and only six warships over 10,000 tons. † In June 1935 the Anglo-German Naval Agreement was signed, which allowed Germany to have one third of the tonnage of the British navy’s surface fleet and an equal tonnage of submarines. That now allowed for Germany to build up their navy, or Kriegsmarine, without fear of condemnation from Britain. As an addition to expanding the Army and Navy, arguably the most effective tool for Hitler and the Nazis, would be his air force, or Luftwaffe.Aircraft technology developed quickly after the First World War and by the 1930s it was clear to Hitler that air power would play an important role in modern warfare. Hitler had an opportunity to give combat experience to his pilots during the Spanish Civil War. In 1937 the German Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica in support of the fascist rebel leader General Franco. 27 In 1936, again Hitler took a major risk by moving German troops into the Rhineland. 28 This remilitarization was yet another clear contradiction of the Treaty of Versailles, but it was again unopposed by Britain and France.The Abyssinian Crisis in Africa and the shift of Mussolini towards an alliance with Hitler distracted Britain and France. In Britain, ma ny felt that it was only fair that Germany should be able to protect her borders, after all the Rhineland was Germany’s territory. The success of the remilitarization and further rearmament emboldened Hitler to attempt a series of foreign policy adventures in the certain knowledge that Britain and France would be reluctant to go to war with Germany unless directly threatened. This policy has come to be known as appeasement.By 1939, Hitler had an army of nearly 1 million men, over 8,000 aircraft and 95 warships. 29 This military strength had not been used in conflict, but the threat of it had helped him to achieve the remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936, the Anschluss with Austria in 1938, the annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938 and the invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. 30 All of this had been achieved without a shot being fired. A graph depicting Hitler’s forces can be found below. German rearmament| 1932| 1939| Army| 100,000| 950,000| Warsh ips| 30| 95|Aircraft| 36| 8,250| Graph showing a close estimate of the rearming of the German military under Hitler All during the rearmament process in Germany, the other countries such as Britain, France, and America are downsizing their armies and navies. The major naval powers of Britain, the United States, and Japan recognized the financial costs of a naval arms race. Organized and hosted by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, the first naval disarmament conference was held in Washington during the winter of 1921-22, with eight nations in attendance.The agreement reached is known as the Five Power Treaty, which established a stoppage on the building of new warships for 10 years and set a tonnage ratio for Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy. 31 Respectively and bound by the treaty, the signatories scraped 66 capital ships. 32 In addition to naval disarmament, Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand engineered a pact at the 1927 Geneva conference that outlawed war entirely. 33 It is most likely that out of these weaknesses of the democratic nations, Hitler saw his opportunity to confidently rearm Germany.As a result, Germany continued to rearm continually once Hitler gained power in 1933 up to the break out of war in 1939. Britain and France, still suffering from earlier disarmament efforts, and still feeling the effects of the Depression, were unable to rearm to counter the German rearmament until 1937. By this time, it was too late to compete with the German armament. Once war broke out in 1939, Hitler was equipped with an all-powerful army, unlike the world had seen before. Due to the rearmament policies of Hitler, the German army had a massive force of tanks and planes, that the allies were unable to compete against.In the Battle for France, the Germans were equipped with 141 divisions, most of them motorized, 2500 modern tanks, and over 5500 modern planes. 34 On the British and French sides, t hey had 144 divisions, but most were still simple infantry divisions using outdated World War 1 era rifles and machine guns. 35 They were equipped with 3300 tanks which actually outnumbered the Germans, but again due to the lack of allied armament in the 1930’s, all of their tanks were outdated and inferior to the newer German tank designs. 6 Lastly, the allies could only amount 2200 aircraft, who were severely outnumbered and outgunned by the superior German Luftwaffe due to Germanys emphasize on rearming the Luftwaffe as the most important priority in modern warfare. 37 Germanys newly created and updated armed forces were able to easily defeat the outdated armed forces of most of Europe all the way up until late 1941 and 1942. Germany’s rearmament process from the 1920’s and 1930’s was definitely one of the most defining reasons as to why Germany was able to become such a successful military force.If German rearmament had been stopped during the interwa r period, it would have been impossible for Germany to wage any serious war against the allied powers. The tragedies of the war also could have been prevented if the allies were able to immediately respond to the German armament, instead of appeasement policies and not rearming their armies. After years of a struggling war, the allies were able to slowly defeat the German army through eventually rearming and reequipping their armies with the modern equipment that Germany had done years before the war. Notes 1.Slavicek, Louise C. The Treaty of Versailles, 48. New York City: Facts on File Inc, 2010. 2. Ibid. , 52 3. Ibid. , 56-57 4. Reprint Old Magazine Articles. â€Å"Germany's Triumph of Despair. † Literacy Digest, February 10, 1923. Accessed December 5, 2012. 5. Abraham, David. The Collapse of the Weimar Republic: Political Economy and Crisis, 262-271. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 6. Slavicek, The Treaty of Versailles, 47. 7. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s . v. â€Å"Freikorps,† accessed December 05, 2012, http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/218844/Freikorps 8.Manchester, William. â€Å"The Krupp Bloodline. † Inicio. Accessed December 5, 2012. http://www. bibliotecapleyades. net/bloodlines/krupp. htm. 9. Ibid. 10. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s. v. â€Å"Treaty of Rapallo,† accessed December 05, 2012, http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/491362/Treaty-of-Rapallo. 11. Suchenwirth, Richard. The Development of the German Air Force, 1919-1939, 14-19. Modesto: University Press of the Pacific , 2005. 12. Ibid. , 21 13. Encyclopedia Britannica, Treaty of Rapallo 14. Ibid. 15. Abraham, Collapse of the Weimar Rupublic, 120-134 6. Ibid. , 132 17. Taylor, Blaine. In Hitler's Engineers: Master Builders of the Third Reich, 1st ed. , 48-72. Houston: Casemate Pub, 2010. 18. Taylor, Blaine. â€Å"Fritz Todt. † In Hitler's Engineers: Master Builders of the Third Reich, 1st ed. , 52-58. Houston: Casemate Pu b, 2010. 19. Ibid. , 58 20. Fremdling, Rainer. â€Å"The German industrial Census of 1936: statistics as preparation for the war. † Ideas, Blog. Accessed December 5, 2012. http://ideas. repec. org/p/dgr/rugggd/200577. html. 21. Ibid. 22. Trueman, Chris. â€Å"Germany and Rearmament. † History Learning Site.Accessed December 5, 2012. http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/germany_and_rearmament. htm. 23. Steiner, Arthur H. â€Å"The Geneva Disarmament Conference of 1932. † In Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 212-219. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2008. Accessed December 5, 2012. 24. Trueman, Germany and Rearmament 25. Ibid. 26. Maiolo, Joseph. The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany, 35-36. 27. Aviation History Magazine. â€Å"Spanish Civil War: German Condor Legion's Tactical Air Power. † History Net. Last modified June 12, 2006. 28. Macdonogh, Giles. 938: Hitler's Gamble, 13. New York: Basic Books, 2009. 29. Trueman, Germany and Rearmament 30. Macdonogh, 1938: Hitler's Gamble, 88-123. 31. EDSITEment. â€Å"From Neutrality to War: The United States and Europe, 1921–1941. † EDSITEment. http://edsitement. neh. gov/curriculum-unit/neutrality-war-united-states-and-europe-1921-1941. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid. 34. Warner, Phillip. The Battle of France, 1940, 74-75. Johannesburg: Cassel ; Co. , 2001. 35. Ibid. ,82 36. Ibid. , 90 37. Suchenwirth, German Air Force, 144 Bibliography Bennett, Edward W. German Rearmament and the West, 1932-1933.Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1979. Print. Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin, 2009. Print. â€Å"Germny's New War Spirit. † Literary Digest 4 Feb. 1933: n. pag. Old Magazine Articles. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. oldmagazinearticles. com/how_did_germany_change_under_Hitler_pdf;. â€Å"German Threat and Rearmament. † The Cabinet Papers. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. nationalarchives. gov. uk/cabinetpapers/themes/ger man-threat-rearmament. htm;. Hickman, Kennedy. â€Å"Disarmament: Washington Naval Treaty. † About. om Military History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. ;http://militaryhistory. about. com/od/militarystrategies/p/washingtontreat. htm;. â€Å"Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928. † The Avalon Project : Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928. Yale University, n. d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/kbpact. htm;. Murray, Williamson. â€Å"Winston Churchill's Prewar Effort to Increase Military Spending. † History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Winston Churchills Prewar Effort to Increase Military Spending Comments. MHQ Magazine, 12 June 2006.Web. 15 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. historynet. com/winston-churchills-prewar-effort-to-increase-military-spending. htm;. Shirer, William L. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011. Print. Spielvogel, Jackson J. , and David Redles. Hitler and Nazi Germa ny: A History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988. Print. Trueman, Chris. â€Å"Germany and Rearmament. † Germany and Rearmament. History Learning Site, n. d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/germany_and_rearmament. htm

Thomas Paine, Father of the American Revolution

Thomas Paine: The Father of the American Revolution When we look at the struggle for American Independence, most of us think of the war that the original patriots fought and won against the British. We look at some of the most historical figures in American history such as George Washington along with John Adams and credit them with independence of our nation. What many of us oversee is the man who inspired our weary, undermanned, unmotivated and ill equipped nation; Thomas Paine. Paine was a man who was not even born in the American Colonies.He was born in Norfolk, England and immigrated to the British colonies amidst the revolution in 1774. Amongst his stay in the American Colonies, Thomas Paine quickly realized the desperate situation the colonies were in. Using his skills as a political activist/author, he created a book called â€Å"Common Sense† which lit the fire in the hearts of many of the colonial Patriots; it gave them the inspiration they needed to wage a war that would forever change the course of history. His influence was so desirable and effective that â€Å"without the pen of Thomas, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain† (John Adams, The Sharpened Quill).Originally titled, â€Å"The Plain Truth† he was urged to retitle it to â€Å"Common Sense† because it provided American Patriots exactly what they needed to have them open up their eyes to what was in front of them. Paine’s arguments of how it was the right time to claim independence definitely puts him up for the running as the father of the American Revolution. Being from England, Paine was more than suspected to the ways of the Monarchy. He understood the necessity of a government within a population of people.His sense of brilliancy comes from his logical view of a government. He tries his best to come up with a way that invoked the colonists into a way of thinking that would both negate the government in a bad sense, but would also shin e light upon the idea of a leading group of people. With this, he speculated the argument that â€Å"Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a government† (Paine, Common Sense, 4).One of the reasons Thomas was successful in being a political activist, he had obviously appealed to those who had a sour taste of a tyrannical government, and he also took it into his own hands to redefine what a government was and its role to its people. England’s constitutional monarchy gave Thomas a decent sense of what not to do in terms of leadership. During his time in America, he saw that a majority of the Patriots were already displeased with the current system and he also saw that they were susceptible to return to the old ways because of the low morale to take things into their own hands.One of the things Paine wanted to do w as sway the American people out of the idea that a king is necessary. He goes along doing this by formulating an argument that â€Å"In the early ages of the world, according to the scripture chronology, there were no kings; the consequence of which was there were no wars; it is the pride of kings which throw mankind into confusion† (Paine, 9). His argument against the crown then made sense to people because they then knew that having a king would lead to all sorts of complications with history repeating itself.Thomas did not see the point in exalting one man and making him better than others. He validated his points by using the ultimate weapon in political history: religion. Using evidence of the â€Å"scriptures† he articulates a dictation using, â€Å"As the exalting one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture; for the will of the Almighty, as declared by Gideon an d the prophet Samuel, expressly disapproves of government by kings† (Paine, 11).There are many instances that Paine brings religion to his argument, but I feel like this is where he excelled at it the most due to his hatred toward a government that is a monarchy or any type of government that exalts one man and exempts him from the rights of an individual. As far as being politically motivated, he also formulated a list from a military aspect that gave the Americans a rough number on what they would need to protect their seas and borders. He also made it clear that the American colonies were not going to win a war in numbers, but in unity.The colonies themselves were small enough to unite a single front and take on the British. No war would come without money you say? Paine suggested that to gain help from foreign powers, we would incur a ton of debt to help fund professional armies. What was his solution? The west had unclaimed land that we could use to pay off this debt. Giv ing the United States a Foreign presence, this would boom trade and inevitably open the country to expansions that they would never see before.Of course he knew that with the opening of new trade routes we would need to protect them. â€Å"No country on the globe is so happily situated, so internally capable of raising a fleet as America. Tar, timber, iron, and cordage are her natural produce. We need go abroad for nothing† (Paine, 20). Paine formulates how much money it would cost the British to focus a war with America, drawing troops from other theatres of war in the world.Showing the revengeful Americans that they would inflict a huge blow to British pride as well as create a hole in their wallets, enticed them to band together and get building. They didn’t need to rely on any foreign help to amass their own navy. He also foretold of a peace with the British because the British needed the Americans for their raw resources and valuable materials. He created an ideol ogy that â€Å"the mercantile and reasonable part in England, will be still with us; because, peace with trade, is preferable to war without it† (Paine, 23)In conclusion, Thomas Paine will always be one of the original American Hero. For being someone not of â€Å"American† descent, he came from the homeland of the British Isles and incited a revolution that brought forth one of the most powerful nations in the world. With a sense of honor and dignity, Paine did the unimaginable; started a revolution amongst people who should not have won. He gave them the â€Å"common sense† that was needed in order to be successful. â€Å"On these grounds I rest the matter.Instead of gazing at each other with suspicious or doubtful curiosity, let each of us, hold out to his neighbor the hearty hand of friendship, and unite in drawing a line, which, like an act of oblivion, shall bury in forgetfulness every former dissention. Let the names of Whig and Tory be extinct; and let none other be heard among us, than those of a good citizen, an open and resolute friend, and a virtuous supporter of the RIGHTS of MANKIND and of the FREE AND INDEPENDANT STATES OF AMERICA† (Paine, Conclusion). Thomas Paine, Father of the American Revolution Thomas Paine: The Father of the American Revolution When we look at the struggle for American Independence, most of us think of the war that the original patriots fought and won against the British. We look at some of the most historical figures in American history such as George Washington along with John Adams and credit them with independence of our nation. What many of us oversee is the man who inspired our weary, undermanned, unmotivated and ill equipped nation; Thomas Paine. Paine was a man who was not even born in the American Colonies.He was born in Norfolk, England and immigrated to the British colonies amidst the revolution in 1774. Amongst his stay in the American Colonies, Thomas Paine quickly realized the desperate situation the colonies were in. Using his skills as a political activist/author, he created a book called â€Å"Common Sense† which lit the fire in the hearts of many of the colonial Patriots; it gave them the inspiration they needed to wage a war that would forever change the course of history. His influence was so desirable and effective that â€Å"without the pen of Thomas, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain† (John Adams, The Sharpened Quill).Originally titled, â€Å"The Plain Truth† he was urged to retitle it to â€Å"Common Sense† because it provided American Patriots exactly what they needed to have them open up their eyes to what was in front of them. Paine’s arguments of how it was the right time to claim independence definitely puts him up for the running as the father of the American Revolution. Being from England, Paine was more than suspected to the ways of the Monarchy. He understood the necessity of a government within a population of people.His sense of brilliancy comes from his logical view of a government. He tries his best to come up with a way that invoked the colonists into a way of thinking that would both negate the government in a bad sense, but would also shin e light upon the idea of a leading group of people. With this, he speculated the argument that â€Å"Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a government† (Paine, Common Sense, 4).One of the reasons Thomas was successful in being a political activist, he had obviously appealed to those who had a sour taste of a tyrannical government, and he also took it into his own hands to redefine what a government was and its role to its people. England’s constitutional monarchy gave Thomas a decent sense of what not to do in terms of leadership. During his time in America, he saw that a majority of the Patriots were already displeased with the current system and he also saw that they were susceptible to return to the old ways because of the low morale to take things into their own hands.One of the things Paine wanted to do w as sway the American people out of the idea that a king is necessary. He goes along doing this by formulating an argument that â€Å"In the early ages of the world, according to the scripture chronology, there were no kings; the consequence of which was there were no wars; it is the pride of kings which throw mankind into confusion† (Paine, 9). His argument against the crown then made sense to people because they then knew that having a king would lead to all sorts of complications with history repeating itself.Thomas did not see the point in exalting one man and making him better than others. He validated his points by using the ultimate weapon in political history: religion. Using evidence of the â€Å"scriptures† he articulates a dictation using, â€Å"As the exalting one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture; for the will of the Almighty, as declared by Gideon an d the prophet Samuel, expressly disapproves of government by kings† (Paine, 11).There are many instances that Paine brings religion to his argument, but I feel like this is where he excelled at it the most due to his hatred toward a government that is a monarchy or any type of government that exalts one man and exempts him from the rights of an individual. As far as being politically motivated, he also formulated a list from a military aspect that gave the Americans a rough number on what they would need to protect their seas and borders. He also made it clear that the American colonies were not going to win a war in numbers, but in unity.The colonies themselves were small enough to unite a single front and take on the British. No war would come without money you say? Paine suggested that to gain help from foreign powers, we would incur a ton of debt to help fund professional armies. What was his solution? The west had unclaimed land that we could use to pay off this debt. Giv ing the United States a Foreign presence, this would boom trade and inevitably open the country to expansions that they would never see before.Of course he knew that with the opening of new trade routes we would need to protect them. â€Å"No country on the globe is so happily situated, so internally capable of raising a fleet as America. Tar, timber, iron, and cordage are her natural produce. We need go abroad for nothing† (Paine, 20). Paine formulates how much money it would cost the British to focus a war with America, drawing troops from other theatres of war in the world.Showing the revengeful Americans that they would inflict a huge blow to British pride as well as create a hole in their wallets, enticed them to band together and get building. They didn’t need to rely on any foreign help to amass their own navy. He also foretold of a peace with the British because the British needed the Americans for their raw resources and valuable materials. He created an ideol ogy that â€Å"the mercantile and reasonable part in England, will be still with us; because, peace with trade, is preferable to war without it† (Paine, 23)In conclusion, Thomas Paine will always be one of the original American Hero. For being someone not of â€Å"American† descent, he came from the homeland of the British Isles and incited a revolution that brought forth one of the most powerful nations in the world. With a sense of honor and dignity, Paine did the unimaginable; started a revolution amongst people who should not have won. He gave them the â€Å"common sense† that was needed in order to be successful. â€Å"On these grounds I rest the matter.Instead of gazing at each other with suspicious or doubtful curiosity, let each of us, hold out to his neighbor the hearty hand of friendship, and unite in drawing a line, which, like an act of oblivion, shall bury in forgetfulness every former dissention. Let the names of Whig and Tory be extinct; and let none other be heard among us, than those of a good citizen, an open and resolute friend, and a virtuous supporter of the RIGHTS of MANKIND and of the FREE AND INDEPENDANT STATES OF AMERICA† (Paine, Conclusion).

How Contract Management can Enhance Long Term Supplier Relationships, and in the Long Run May Contribute to Competitive Advantage for Organizations The WritePass Journal

How Contract Management can Enhance Long Term Supplier Relationships, and in the Long Run May Contribute to Competitive Advantage for Organizations Introduction How Contract Management can Enhance Long Term Supplier Relationships, and in the Long Run May Contribute to Competitive Advantage for Organizations , Van der Meer, 2008, Van Milligen, 2012). Another factor that is critical to the success of supplier relationships is sharing all resources in order to solve problems. 1.3Challenges in Supplier Management Although the literature has highlighted supplier relationship as a favorable act, however it is critical to the success of a business to keep in mind all the challenges they are faced with. A number of challenges that company can be faced with are as follows: 1.3.1 Overreliance on Suppliers In the last few decades companies have shifted more from in-house development to something called outsourcing (Steenbeek et al., 2012, Van der Meer, 2008, Van Milligen, 2012). This increased trend of outsourcing is based on capitalizing other supplier’s resources for making their end product (Steenbeek et al., 2012, Van der Meer, 2008, Van Milligen, 2012). In doing so, the risk that prevails is sheer reliance on vendors have lead to the problems of supply risks. However, most of the companies have no mechanisms of managing these supply risks. 1.3.2 Mismanagement of contracts Companies in order to outsource their tasks to another firm are not sure about what is required by the business. This leads to just signing the contract without any clarity on the roles executives have and responsibilities for both the supplier and the business. In such a chaotic situation, where roles are blurred, leads to a poor supplier relationship management and most of the efforts are duplicated. These duplicating efforts all lead to wastage of money and effort. 1.3.3 Supplier not to be Held Accountable for Performance One of the common problems is that most of the people from the business do not have any knowhow on what the role of supplier is and what is the responsibility of business. In situation where there is no clarity on the actions business can take when anything goes wrong, leaves the business is a challenging situation (Binder and Clegg, 2010, Foerstl et al., 2010, Le Nguyen Doan and Nguyen Phu, 2011). 1.3.4 Suppliers are not Partners Many of the firms while signing a contract with suppliers do not consider supplier as an outside and allow them access to everything. It is important to keep in mind that suppliers can never be strategic partners and the companies need to keep an eye on the cost baseline (Yung et al., 2009, Zhang and Jiang, 2011). 1.3.5 Confusing aims and objectives Many firms are unaware of what is required by the business to be rectified. This confusion aggravates when another party of suppliers get in involved. Literature stresses that suppliers give an objective view on the problem but many a times businesses themselves do not know what is required and hence for the suppliers to first understand the problem and then devising solution gets difficult (Oruezabala and Rico, 2012). 1.3.6 Too Many Vendors In most cases empirical evidence suggests that due to outsourcing too many activities of the business, the companies are not just over relying on the vendors but it’s also leading to a number of complacency issues. Critics have argued that because company has so many suppliers, it gets too tedious and challenging in order to deal with them on daily basis. Therefore, companies indulged in too many suppliers experienced that almost all employees were involved in dealing with suppliers, which resulted in wasted efforts and redundant work (Le Nguyen Doan and Nguyen Phu, 2011, Lu, 2010). 1.4 Rationale of Topic Extant literature available on this topic focuses more on single product development projects and therefore fails to answer the inter-organizational supplier relationships. This project will attempt to address all the relevant issues that hamper supplier relationship management and the key factors that facilitate long-term relationship of trust and risk sharing, from a perspective of inter-organizational supplier relationship. The rationale for choosing this topic that there is a gap in literature from inter-organizational perspective within the UK. 2 Methodology This research proposes to highlight the topic of contract management and examine the related issues and challenges that are associated to contract management. Additionally, the researcher will explore any benefits the stem as a result of supplier relationship and the role trust plays in allowing firms to gain competitive advantage against rivals. With a hope to examine the way relationship management leads to critical success of the company, the researcher has proposed to explore a UK based super market company. The rationale for choosing a supermarket is significant because the structure of super market is such that many intermediaries are involved and the chance of exploring risks, challenges and benefits of supplier relations, leading to competitive advantage is easier. The researcher proposes to maintain contact with the senior manager of the super market. This is important because senior manager has all information on the supplier relation. Another gatekeeper for this research will be at least one or two suppliers for the super market. 2.1 Research Aims and Objectives This research aims at: To explore the field of contract management from UK environment perspective To examine the way inter-organizational relationship among suppliers and businesses can be maintained. To add to the pool of literature on the topic of contract management 2.2 Research Questions Can supplier relation management lead to business success? What is the role of trust in supplier relationship management? What are the benefits of supplier relation management? What are the challenges that are erected by relying on external suppliers? 2.3 Research Techniques This research proposes the use of mixed methods approach (Creswell, 2006), as a method to explore any benefits and challenges that are involved in the supplier relation in contract management. Mixed methods have been used by many past social science researchers, in order to understand their problem at hand (John, 2008). Questionnaires will be used as instruments to gain knowledge on the topic of relationship management, additionally as part of the qualitative strand this research has proposes the use of in-depth interviews (Sharlene, 2010). In-depth interviews will be carried out in order to know the in-depth knowledge on the issues that the company faces with as a result of supplier relationship. In depth interviews will also allow the researcher to gain information on the benefits that the company and supplier are cherishing in the shape of long term trust. This technique of using mixed methods approach is that results will be triangulated by comparing results of questionnaires and that of interviews. 2.4 Target Audience The researcher will maintain a contact with the senior managers and actual suppliers of the super market company. This research proposes to distribute at least a total of 100 questionnaires. These questionnaires will be distributed among their suppliers of the super market. 50 questionnaires will be distributed among one supplier and another 50 among the second supplier of the super market company. Additionally, a total of 15 in-depth interviews will be carried out among the senior manager of the super market and the mangers of the suppliers. 5 interviews will be carried out with the senior manager of the super market itself and the other 10 from the senior managers of the suppliers (5 interviews with each supplier). The basis that the gatekeepers are chosen will be the random sampling technique. In case if the super market has many suppliers, any two suppliers will be chosen randomly. The identity of the super market company that the researcher has chosen cannot be revealed due to privacy issues. References ATUAHENE-GIMA, K. 1995. Involving Organisational Buyers in New Product Development. Industrial Marketing Management, 24, 215-226. BARATA, J. CAMARINHA-MATOS, L. M. 2002. Contract management in agile manufacturing systems. In: CAMARINHAMATOS, L. M. (ed.) Collaborative Business Ecosystems and Virtual Enterprises. BINDER, M. CLEGG, B. 2010. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT. BONACCORSI, A. L. ANDREA 1994. Strategic Partnerships in New Product Development: an Italian Case Study. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11, 134-145. BRUCE, M., LEVERICK, F., LITTLER, D. WILSON, D. 1995. Success Factors for Collaborative Product Development: A Study of Suppliers of Information and Communication Technology. RD Management, 25, 33-44. CAREY, K. DOR, A. 2008. Expense preference behavior and management outsourcing: a comparison of adopters and non-adopters of contract management in US hospitals. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 29, 61-75. CLARK, K. B. 1989. Project Scope and Project Performance: The Effects of Parts Strategy and Supplier Involvement on Product Development. Management Science, 35, 1247-1263. CRESWELL, J. 2006. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, London, Sage Publications. DU, C. LIN, J. 2008. Contract Management in the Implementation Process of Municipal Infrastructure Engineering Project-A case study of Beijing City. DYER, J. H. OUCHI, W. G. 1993. Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge. Sloan Management Review, 35, 51-63. FOERSTL, K., REUTER, C., HARTMANN, E. BLOME, C. 2010. Managing supplier sustainability risks in a dynamically changing environment-Sustainable supplier management in the chemical industry. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 16, 118-130. HANDFIELD, R. B., RAGATZ, G. L., PETERSEN, K. J. MONCZKA, R. M. 1999. Involving Suppliers in New Product Development. California Management Review 42, 42(1):59-82. JOHN, W. 2008. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, London, Sage Publications. KWOK, T., NGUYEN, T., LAM, L. CHIEU, T. 2007. A Web-based and email driven electronic contract management system. LANG, K. WILLIAMS, B. 2003. Recovering real money with a contract management system. Healthcare financial management : journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association, 57, 42-4. LE NGUYEN DOAN, K. NGUYEN PHU, S. 2011. Relationship Quality in Fish Value Chains: Buyer-Supplier Management in the Pangasius Industry, Vietnam. In: STEWART, M. A. COCLANIS, P. A. (eds.) Environmental Change and Agricultural Sustainability in the Mekong Delta. LIU, R. CONG, X. 2010. Evaluation of Construction Contract Management Performance. LU, G. 2010. Assessing the Collateral Benefits of Security and Risk Management Focused Supplier Management. In: ZHAO, X., ZHU, G. FLYNN, B. B. (eds.) Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Operations and Supply Chain Management. ORUEZABALA, G. RICO, J.-C. 2012. The impact of sustainable public procurement on supplier management The case of French public hospitals. Industrial Marketing Management, 41, 573-580. RENDON, R. G. 2008. CONTRACT MANAGEMENT. SCOTT, M. 2007. Contract management. Boosting contracts to minority-owned firms. Hospitals health networks / AHA, 81, 18-18. SHARLENE, N. H. B. 2010. Mixed Methods Research, London, Guilford Press. SOBRERO, M. R. ERIC, B. 2001. The Trade-Off between Efficiency and Learning in Interorganizational Relationships for Product Development. Management Science, 47, 493-511. STEENBEEK, W., VAN DE WIJNGAERT, L., VAN DEN BRAND, M., BRINKKEMPER, S. HARMSEN, F. 2012. A Decision Procedure for the Where and How to Outsource. SUN, L., HE, R. COMM, E. B. M. O. 2011. Discussion of the Investment Control and Risk Avoidance on Contract Management. VAN DER MEER, R. 2008. Global Outsourcing strategies: An international reference on effective outsourcing relationships (hardcover). Journal of the Operational Research Society, 59, 872-872. VAN MILLIGEN, M. C. 2012. Organized Outsourcing. Public Administration Review, 72, 817-818. XU, X., CHEN, X., CAO, J. LI, F. 2009. General contract management information system for China Chongqin Yuchu Hydropower Station Hinge engineering based on the platform of P3EXPEXPVS. YUNG, I.-S., LEE, H.-W. LAI, M.-H. 2009. Competitive advantages created by a cluster collaboration network for supplier management in notebook PC production. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 20, 763-775. ZHANG, X. JIANG, F. 2011. Innovation in Supplier Management of Chinese Sporting Goods Company ANTA.

15+ Words with syn or a Variation

15+ Words with syn or a Variation 15+ Words with syn or a Variation 15+ Words with syn or a Variation By Mark Nichol The Greek prefix syn-, meaning â€Å"together,† and two alternative forms combine with many other word elements to form terms pertaining to community or unity. This post lists and briefly defines the most common of these words, along with literal definitions of the root word. 1. idiosyncrasy (â€Å"personal† and â€Å"blend†): a peculiarity or hypersensitivity 2. synagogue (â€Å"bring†): a Jewish congregation, or its headquarters 3. synapse (â€Å"fasten†): the junction of nervous impulses 4. synchronicity (â€Å"timing†): occurrence of events at the same time or same period, or coincidental occurrence of events 5. syncopation (â€Å"shortening†): musical rhythm that emphasizes the weak beat 6. syncretism (â€Å"federation of Cretan cities†): a combination of different forms 7. syndication (â€Å"act of judgment†): association of people or entities to sell something, or selling editorial content to multiple distributors or the state of being sold this way 8. syndrome (â€Å"run†): a set of things, such as signs or symptoms of a medical condition, that form a pattern 9. synecdoche (â€Å"interpret†): figure of speech substituting the part for the whole, or vice versa 10. synergy (â€Å"working†): combined action 11. synesthesia (â€Å"sense†): a sensation occurring with another, or a condition in which one experiences one sensation simultaneously with another 12. synonym (â€Å"name†): a word with one or more meanings identical or similar to one or more meanings of one or more words, or a word or phrase that embodies a concept or quality 13. synopsis (â€Å"be going to see†): an abstract or summary 14. syntax (â€Å"arrange†): the structure of linguistic elements, or harmonious arrangement of components 15. synthesis (â€Å"put†): something made by combining parts into a whole, digital reproduction of analog sounds, or deductive reasoning When the prefix precedes b, m, or p, it is converted to sym, as in asymptote (â€Å"not falling†), symbiosis (â€Å"living†), symbol (â€Å"thrown†), symmetry (â€Å"measured†), sympathy (â€Å"feeling†), symphony (â€Å"sounding†), symposium (â€Å"drinking,† from the ancient Greek custom of discussing intellectual matters while drinking wine in a social setting), and symptom (â€Å"happening†), and when confronted with l, it changes to syl, as in syllable (â€Å"take†)- the similar-looking syllabus, derived from a misreading, is unrelated- and syllogism (â€Å"think†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their SynonymsHow Long Should a Synopsis Be?

Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy - Essay Example Though Korea and Japan are trade partners for US in Asia, the policies of US regarding China even dominated election manifesto of that Country. When discussing about the foreign policy of Deng Xiao Ping, it is reasonable to mention about US. The underlying reason is that in post cold war period, US emerged as a single super power and any country's foreign policy was compelled to keep US in consideration if it wants to be a major partner in world trade. Deng's policy was matter of discussion because China developed links with US despite confrontation in past and present (Taiwan). The significant feature in the Deng's foreign policy is recognising the US as a sole super power in post cold war period. The growth of China compelled US to treat human rights and economic benefits separately. Development of Sino US relations: From the date of sworn in of George Bush in 1989 till the end of two term presidency of Bill Clinton Sino American relations took a dramatic changes. Bush even visited China before visiting Europe to state the new priorities and China reciprocated in the same way US responses.1 The communication gap between China and Soviet Union, the down ward trend of Soviet Union's economy, George Bush's diplomacy in meeting China's leadership before Gorbachev met them made this foreign policy a successful thing for PRC (people's Republic of China). In the aftermath of Tiananmen Square incident China's top leadership recognised that US have its own compulsions regarding the moral and human values. From that point of time both the countries started responding cautiously to each other's acts and deeds. The opening of China's market and the opportunities to establish industries there by US companies made Bill Clinton to treat human rights and economic issues separat ely to avoid sanctions on China. After 1994 gesture of Clinton there was even military confrontation between US and China regarding Taiwan Strait. But within one year China recognised the compulsions of US regarding Taiwan and summits were held between the two countries in 1997 and 1998, which resulted a strategic partnership between the two countries. After that though a failure, US supported to include China in WTO. A saying was developed in diplomatic circles in between 1989-2000. It was "the American elections start with criticising China and the elected president term ends with developing relations with China". This gives the intentions of the leaders of both the countries to develop relations in spite of opposition in the home country. The reason is that the populations of the two countries interacted very less till then. The interaction is possible when the relations develop. So instead of stepping into precipice, the leaders of both the countries tried to refrain themselves from criticising each other in the case of domestic and international developments. Though the per capita income of China is less than number of western countries, the vastness of its economy and number of customers in its 1.2 billion population made West and US to develop strategic relations with China. So if Deng's foreign policy was termed as a success, the credit goes to the economic development of China. Though there are disparities in distribution of wealth in China, the size of the economy compels any

Transforming Into a Transformational Leader Dissertation

Transforming Into a Transformational Leader - Dissertation Example One charismatic man, who worked as a mechanic during that time recently traced my brother-in-law as he now owns a multi million dollar company in Africa that is involved in large scale car repair. My brother-in-law inspired a worker but built a leader at the end of it all. I instantly wanted and still want to be just like him, a transformational leader. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that focuses on ensuring change that is revolutionary to an organisation by being committed to the vision of the organisation. Transformational leaders ensure this by redefining employees’ objectives, goals, visions and missions. These leaders renew their subordinates’ commitments and restructure their strategies towards attaining goals by stimulating each other and inspiring their followers to become leaders as leaders grow into moral aides (Sullivan and Decker, 2005). Over the years, I have learnt that emotional intelligence is a prerequisite to any transformational lea der. All the transformational leaders have a high level of emotional intelligence as it is what gives them the ability to accurately perceive and express emotion. Emotional intelligence is what gives transformational leaders the ability to access and generate thought feelings, to understand emotional knowledge and their ability to regulate emotions and ensure intellectual growth. Emotional intelligence incorporates the moral capacity of a leader (Bass, 1990) I would like to mature into the president of my current organisation, Blue Cross Blue Shield. To attain this position I have been cultivating my emotional intelligence where by my self awareness, motivation, self regulation, empathy and social skills. This means that for me to become an excellent transformational leader, I have to develop a high degree of understanding in what I am feeling, what it means and their potential positive or negative repercussions. Emotional intelligence will also support me in attaining measurable re sults when I become the president of Blue Cross Blue Shield. Since I got my job at Blue Cross Blue Shield, my major job description has been to train new and permanent employees to bring out the best in them and upgrading them to my organisation’s assets. I would like to grow further into a leader that put extra influence on employees by expanding the horizons in terms of goals. This would be done by elevating their confidence to perform and deliver more than what their expectations dictate (Conger and Kanungo, 1994). Naturally I am a charismatic fellow who arouses admiration. This is a strong quality that will provide intellectual stimulation, inspire and motivate my employees through the treating them with consideration individually. With expression of this behaviour the, by the time I graduate into the President of Blue Cross Blue Shield I would easily inspire my employees to attain their full maximum potential and display high levels of performance. I also have strong tec hnical skills and intellectual capabilities which would help me guiding employees in technical work. My remarkable high degree of self awareness and emotional intelligence helps me in detecting my strongest and weakest points. This can help in regulation my leadership abilities (Lussier and Achua, 2004). Like my brother-in-law, I have high determination and vision however my weakness lies here because I have not learnt how to use it evaluate my employees